FOXNews - USA
For years, JPAC search teams and scientists relied in eyewitness accounts, personal affects and dental records to identify the remains. Now, they have a powerful new tool: DNA.
"We're using DNA in about 80 percent of the cases," said Dr. Thomas Holland, scientific director at JPAC. "Nowadays, they're getting DNA out of fragments the size of your thumbnail. It has revolutionized how we do business. We're going back to cases that were on the shelf when I got here, and had been on the shelf since the early 1980s and we're resolving those cases now because of DNA."
Said Holland, "It's amazing where we've come in a relatively short period of time."
For the families who have waited years for information about the fate of their loved ones, giving DNA samples can finally mean answers. Laverne Ransbottom's son, Freddie Joel, went missing during battle in Vietnam in 1968. For years, she and her family waited for any news about the fate of the eldest of three boys. The new technology gave her renewed hope.
"The first time that I ever heard about DNA, I was sitting there wide eyed," said Laverne in her home in Edmond, OK. "And I was absolutely blown away that this is happening. And I couldn't wait to fill out the paperwork and give (JPAC) my arm, you know? Take the blood, let's go!"
The remains of Freddie Joel were recovered in Vietnam in 2006 and confirmed by his personal affects, dental records, as well as DNA.
His mother Laverne had finally found some peace: "We're so happy he's now home."
JPAC identifies approximately 100 cases a year. That number could be substantially higher if more families with relatives who are missing in action from America's wars gave a DNA sample to JPAC.
"That is the biggest holdup that we have," says Dr. Holland.
"For the Vietnam War, it is very good," says laboratory director Dr. John Byrd about the number of family samples JPAC currently has on record. "A high percentage of the families of the missing have donated samples. With the Korean War, it has been a challenge for us over the last several years to get those family reference samples. But at this point we are proud to say approximately half of the families of the 8,100 missing have donated a DNA sample. But that still leaves approximately half that have not. And it is a big problem for us in our identification efforts."
One of the more memorable uses of DNA by JPAC occurred in 1998, when as Dr. Holland says, "We cracked one of the hardest puzzles out there." That was the identification of the remains placed in the Vietnam Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery. With the advent of DNA testing, then-Secretary of Defense William Cohen approved the exhumation of these remains. On June 30 of that year, Secretary Cohen called the family of Lt. Michael Blassie and told them that their son — still listed as missing in action since 1972 — had been identified as the unknown soldier from Vietnam. On July 11, 1998, 26 years after he went missing, Lt. Blassie was laid to rest by his family.
With these new technological advances and the drive to have family members submit DNA samples, JPAC is committed to never having anymore "unknowns."
"We have a lot of faith in the development of science," says Dr. Byrd. "And, and we hope that we will be able to identify everyone who is in this laboratory at some point in the future."
For information on JPAC and how to give a DNA sample, please visit: www.jpac.pacom.mil
— Gregory Johnson is a producer for "War Stories With Oliver North"
Showing posts with label JPAC. Show all posts
Showing posts with label JPAC. Show all posts
19 March 2009
09 February 2009
Hickam Team Taught Recovery Of Remains
Honolulu Advertiser - Honolulu, HI - USA
Posted on: Monday, February 9, 2009
Learning to search POW/MIA burial site part of the curriculum
By William Cole
Advertiser Military Writer
SCHOFIELD BARRACKS, EAST RANGE — There wasn't much science to excavating the mocked-up crash of an F-4 Phantom fighter jet that slammed into the ground during the Vietnam War.
Aside from working within a precise 12-foot by 12-foot grid, it was pretty much a shovel and bucket operation. Fill the bucket, dump it into a screen, and sift for small items.
The simulated burial nearby was where the delicacy came in. Three members of the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command kneeled over the skeletal remains — plastic in this case — of a fallen U.S. service member, working carefully with gloved hands and small trowels to remove the red dirt that entombed the bones.
Anthropologist Kelley Esh said a sandy deposit in Vietnam might help preserve bones that have been moldering for more than 35 years, "but there's also a lot of acidic soil, and bones can literally crumble in your hands."
The recent "JPAC Recovery Academy" amid eucalyptus and ironwoods at East Range was the first of its kind. The eight-day exercise was intended to pass along field knowledge from those who have been on overseas missions, to those who will be going.
JPAC, with headquarters at Hickam Air Force Base, investigates, recovers and identifies Americans missing from past wars. For fiscal 2009, 61 missions are planned around the world.
There are 346 personnel in JPAC. The unit has a daunting task, with more than 84,000 U.S. military personnel missing — most of them from World War II.
The unit, with detachments in Thailand, Laos and Vietnam, is able to make about 70 identifications a year, and has more than 1,000 active case files under investigation at any given time.
Last week, 14 JPAC team members left for India with hopes of recovering the eight-man crew of the B-24J Liberator bomber "Hot as Hell," which went down in 1944 flying the "Hump" across the Himalayas.
Part of the recovery academy education has to do with digging, sifting and identifying human remains, which can be as small as a bone fragment or a tooth. But there are also cultural sensitivities.
Charge for everything
Air Force Staff Sgt. Tuan D. Pham, 31, who is Vietnamese, said officials in the country "charge for everything."
That includes land use, tree removal, landing zones for helicopters, the use of the trails to access a site, and latrines.
"Basically, everything we touch and walk on, we've got to pay for," said Air Force Tech Sgt. Hiev Nguyen, 34, also Vietnamese, who was role-playing along with Pham for the benefit of other JPAC members during the exercise.
Officials said the Vietnamese are a negotiating culture, and costs can change on the spot, while Americans see things in more black and white terms and prefer set agreements.
Nguyen said he tells JPAC negotiators, "Don't get angry in front of them," because the Americans lose respect, and to not force their hosts to lose face.
JPAC teaches such things in a classroom setting, and pairs new unit members with veterans on worldwide missions — something they call a "right seat ride."
The recovery academy — which officials plan to hold once or twice a year — provides some hands-on experience.
"The consequences of making a mistake out here are absolutely none," said Army Maj. Mike Condon, a recovery team leader. "We just reset it."
About 46 JPAC members practiced the finer points of recovery in East Range. One site replicated an F-4 Phantom crash, and another a burial site. There also was a negotiating site and team set-up areas.
Local salvage yard
Army Sgt. 1st Class Christopher Bunnell, 43, who has been on 11 missions, came up with the idea for the academy, and hit up a local salvage yard for small parts that could be buried and would replicate airplane parts.
"I told the guy what we were doing, and he was really nice. He went out and gathered up auto parts and scrap metal — filled up a whole bin, probably $100 worth — and gave it to me," Bunnell said.
One team worked the crash site, turning up the salvage parts, along with a set of planted dog tags and blank .223 cartridges from Army training.
Army Sgt. Stephen Zaffuto, 30, was digging for airplane parts at the crash site. In the Army for three years — with a tour to Afghanistan in 2006 — he volunteered for JPAC and has been with the unit for about four months.
"It seemed like a great mission," the Rochester, N.Y., man said. "Very honorable. Get to travel all over the world and see things that I wouldn't normally in the Army. Hopefully bring home a fallen brother."
He'll be going on a mission to Laos in the spring.
"This is my first experience with (field work), and so far, I've learned a lot," said Zaffuto, who was wearing a blue "Airborne" T-shirt. JPAC is drawn from all the military services, and also has civilians, and all wear civilian clothing in the field.
Not chasing b-24s
Zaffuto said he learned it is important to know where certain parts are turning up on a dig site.
"So if you find the tail end of a plane, you know the people are not in the tail end," he said.
"Provided you are not chasing B-24s," added Owen O'Leary, a JPAC anthropologist. The World War II bomber had a tail gunner.
O'Leary has been on six missions, including one to the site of an F-105 Thunderchief fighter-bomber that crashed into a hillside in Vietnam and was driven 20 feet deep.
It was the third JPAC mission to the site, and no remains were recovered.
"There can be a whole variety of possible reasons," O'Leary said. "Acidic soil, high-speed impact crash, 40 years old. Organic stuff deteriorates over 40 years."
Many of the recoveries in Vietnam are made at sites where aircraft crashed at high speeds, fragmenting and dispersing remains. By contrast, World War II bombers that went down in places such as Papua New Guinea often crashed with less violence, and full crews often are recovered.
At the burial site at East Range, Esh, the anthropologist, showed service members how to dig in a grid and look for soil color differences or a change in texture that might indicate a burial.
Rear Adm. Donna Crisp, who commands JPAC, congratulated Bunnell, the JPAC veteran, for coming up with the recovery academy idea.
"This gives all the officers and enlisted members a better opportunity to practice their negotiation skills, understand forensic anthropology better, and understand when you are doing dry screening, what everyone's looking for," Crisp said at the site.
Bunnell wants the next academy to take place on a hillside, adding another layer of challenge.
Reach William Cole at wcole@honoluluadvertiser.com.
Posted on: Monday, February 9, 2009
Learning to search POW/MIA burial site part of the curriculum
By William Cole
Advertiser Military Writer
SCHOFIELD BARRACKS, EAST RANGE — There wasn't much science to excavating the mocked-up crash of an F-4 Phantom fighter jet that slammed into the ground during the Vietnam War.
Aside from working within a precise 12-foot by 12-foot grid, it was pretty much a shovel and bucket operation. Fill the bucket, dump it into a screen, and sift for small items.
The simulated burial nearby was where the delicacy came in. Three members of the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command kneeled over the skeletal remains — plastic in this case — of a fallen U.S. service member, working carefully with gloved hands and small trowels to remove the red dirt that entombed the bones.
Anthropologist Kelley Esh said a sandy deposit in Vietnam might help preserve bones that have been moldering for more than 35 years, "but there's also a lot of acidic soil, and bones can literally crumble in your hands."
The recent "JPAC Recovery Academy" amid eucalyptus and ironwoods at East Range was the first of its kind. The eight-day exercise was intended to pass along field knowledge from those who have been on overseas missions, to those who will be going.
JPAC, with headquarters at Hickam Air Force Base, investigates, recovers and identifies Americans missing from past wars. For fiscal 2009, 61 missions are planned around the world.
There are 346 personnel in JPAC. The unit has a daunting task, with more than 84,000 U.S. military personnel missing — most of them from World War II.
The unit, with detachments in Thailand, Laos and Vietnam, is able to make about 70 identifications a year, and has more than 1,000 active case files under investigation at any given time.
Last week, 14 JPAC team members left for India with hopes of recovering the eight-man crew of the B-24J Liberator bomber "Hot as Hell," which went down in 1944 flying the "Hump" across the Himalayas.
Part of the recovery academy education has to do with digging, sifting and identifying human remains, which can be as small as a bone fragment or a tooth. But there are also cultural sensitivities.
Charge for everything
Air Force Staff Sgt. Tuan D. Pham, 31, who is Vietnamese, said officials in the country "charge for everything."
That includes land use, tree removal, landing zones for helicopters, the use of the trails to access a site, and latrines.
"Basically, everything we touch and walk on, we've got to pay for," said Air Force Tech Sgt. Hiev Nguyen, 34, also Vietnamese, who was role-playing along with Pham for the benefit of other JPAC members during the exercise.
Officials said the Vietnamese are a negotiating culture, and costs can change on the spot, while Americans see things in more black and white terms and prefer set agreements.
Nguyen said he tells JPAC negotiators, "Don't get angry in front of them," because the Americans lose respect, and to not force their hosts to lose face.
JPAC teaches such things in a classroom setting, and pairs new unit members with veterans on worldwide missions — something they call a "right seat ride."
The recovery academy — which officials plan to hold once or twice a year — provides some hands-on experience.
"The consequences of making a mistake out here are absolutely none," said Army Maj. Mike Condon, a recovery team leader. "We just reset it."
About 46 JPAC members practiced the finer points of recovery in East Range. One site replicated an F-4 Phantom crash, and another a burial site. There also was a negotiating site and team set-up areas.
Local salvage yard
Army Sgt. 1st Class Christopher Bunnell, 43, who has been on 11 missions, came up with the idea for the academy, and hit up a local salvage yard for small parts that could be buried and would replicate airplane parts.
"I told the guy what we were doing, and he was really nice. He went out and gathered up auto parts and scrap metal — filled up a whole bin, probably $100 worth — and gave it to me," Bunnell said.
One team worked the crash site, turning up the salvage parts, along with a set of planted dog tags and blank .223 cartridges from Army training.
Army Sgt. Stephen Zaffuto, 30, was digging for airplane parts at the crash site. In the Army for three years — with a tour to Afghanistan in 2006 — he volunteered for JPAC and has been with the unit for about four months.
"It seemed like a great mission," the Rochester, N.Y., man said. "Very honorable. Get to travel all over the world and see things that I wouldn't normally in the Army. Hopefully bring home a fallen brother."
He'll be going on a mission to Laos in the spring.
"This is my first experience with (field work), and so far, I've learned a lot," said Zaffuto, who was wearing a blue "Airborne" T-shirt. JPAC is drawn from all the military services, and also has civilians, and all wear civilian clothing in the field.
Not chasing b-24s
Zaffuto said he learned it is important to know where certain parts are turning up on a dig site.
"So if you find the tail end of a plane, you know the people are not in the tail end," he said.
"Provided you are not chasing B-24s," added Owen O'Leary, a JPAC anthropologist. The World War II bomber had a tail gunner.
O'Leary has been on six missions, including one to the site of an F-105 Thunderchief fighter-bomber that crashed into a hillside in Vietnam and was driven 20 feet deep.
It was the third JPAC mission to the site, and no remains were recovered.
"There can be a whole variety of possible reasons," O'Leary said. "Acidic soil, high-speed impact crash, 40 years old. Organic stuff deteriorates over 40 years."
Many of the recoveries in Vietnam are made at sites where aircraft crashed at high speeds, fragmenting and dispersing remains. By contrast, World War II bombers that went down in places such as Papua New Guinea often crashed with less violence, and full crews often are recovered.
At the burial site at East Range, Esh, the anthropologist, showed service members how to dig in a grid and look for soil color differences or a change in texture that might indicate a burial.
Rear Adm. Donna Crisp, who commands JPAC, congratulated Bunnell, the JPAC veteran, for coming up with the recovery academy idea.
"This gives all the officers and enlisted members a better opportunity to practice their negotiation skills, understand forensic anthropology better, and understand when you are doing dry screening, what everyone's looking for," Crisp said at the site.
Bunnell wants the next academy to take place on a hillside, adding another layer of challenge.
Reach William Cole at wcole@honoluluadvertiser.com.
24 January 2009
Island Images
Honolulu Star-Bulletin - Honolulu, HI, USA
HONORING WAR DEAD: The Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC) conducted an arrival ceremony yesterday at Hickam Air Force Base to honor fallen U.S. military personnel whose identities remain unknown. Above, an honor guard carried remains that arrived in four flag-draped transfer cases. Two sets of remains are associated with the Vietnam War era, one from Laos and one from Vietnam. The two others are associated with World War II, one from Germany, one from France.
The honor guard loaded the last casket onto a bus to be transported to the JPAC Central Identification Laboratory for identification.
HONORING WAR DEAD: The Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC) conducted an arrival ceremony yesterday at Hickam Air Force Base to honor fallen U.S. military personnel whose identities remain unknown. Above, an honor guard carried remains that arrived in four flag-draped transfer cases. Two sets of remains are associated with the Vietnam War era, one from Laos and one from Vietnam. The two others are associated with World War II, one from Germany, one from France.
The honor guard loaded the last casket onto a bus to be transported to the JPAC Central Identification Laboratory for identification.
11 December 2008
JPAC Arrival Ceremony - 12 DEC 08
Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC)
Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, USA
December 11, 2008
JPAC ARRIVAL CEREMONY DEC. 12
Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii -- The Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command will conduct an Arrival Ceremony at 9 a.m., Friday in Hangar 35, on Hickam AFB, to honor fallen U.S. military personnel whose identities remain unknown.
There will be four flag-draped transfer cases. Two cases are associated with the Vietnam War, one from the Lao People's Democratic Republic and one from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Two cases are associated with World War II, one from Germany and one from France.
Following the ceremony, the remains of these fallen service members will be transported to the JPAC Central Identification Laboratory where the forensic identification process begins. Once identifications are established, the names will be announced following the notification of next-of-kin.
In order to attend the ceremony, media must RSVP before noon, Dec. 11, in order to receive access to the base and must meet escorts at the gate no later than 8:20 a.m. on the morning of the ceremony.
Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, USA
December 11, 2008
JPAC ARRIVAL CEREMONY DEC. 12
Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii -- The Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command will conduct an Arrival Ceremony at 9 a.m., Friday in Hangar 35, on Hickam AFB, to honor fallen U.S. military personnel whose identities remain unknown.
There will be four flag-draped transfer cases. Two cases are associated with the Vietnam War, one from the Lao People's Democratic Republic and one from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Two cases are associated with World War II, one from Germany and one from France.
Following the ceremony, the remains of these fallen service members will be transported to the JPAC Central Identification Laboratory where the forensic identification process begins. Once identifications are established, the names will be announced following the notification of next-of-kin.
In order to attend the ceremony, media must RSVP before noon, Dec. 11, in order to receive access to the base and must meet escorts at the gate no later than 8:20 a.m. on the morning of the ceremony.
28 July 2008
We take time-consuming care to identify Vietnam War remains
Norwich Bulletin - Norwich, CT, USA
First Person by Vince Sava: We take time-consuming care to identify Vietnam War remains
By VINCE SAVA
For The Norwich Bulletin
Posted Jul 27, 2008 @ 02:22 AM
I welcome the chance to explain the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command’s identification process. I will try to answer a frequently asked question regarding missing Americans: Why does resolution take so long?
While it is too early to discuss results from the recent processing of the Vietnam site associated with Capt. Arnold “Dusty” Holm and two other Americans, I want to explain some of the problems that may prolong the identification once the recovery process is completed (recoveries also are prolonged by their own unique problems).
After recovery site processing, all recovered remains and material evidence are returned to the JPAC’s Central Identification Laboratory in Hawaii. Examples of material evidence are artifacts such as ID cards and dog tags, as well as the personal items often carried by soldiers in combat — photos, eyeglasses and religious items — to name a few. Forensic identification at JPAC is very precise, combining meticulous historical research and complex science. As such, it requires extensive interagency coordination. Some of these agencies are involved in current conflicts, therefore JPAC may have to compete for resources.
Initially, a lab forensic scientist examines the remains and attempts to produce a biological profile, which establishes the individual’s sex, race, age at death and height. Any trauma occurring at the time of death is noted, since it may support witness accounts of the person’s loss. Additionally, pathological conditions, such as healed fractures, are noted and an attempt made to match these to the individual’s medical records, if they exist. Full analysis is often prohibited by the condition of the remains. Depending on the circumstance of loss and subsequent events, remains may be very fragmentary or incomplete. Vietnam War remains often are further degraded by harsh soil and environmental conditions.
If teeth are recovered and dental records are available, forensic dentists will attempt a simple comparison. This usually is the fastest method of identification. If teeth are not recovered and the condition of the remains permits, DNA may be used. DNA links the remains to the surviving family members. DNA identification is dependent on two tasks, getting a DNA sample from an appropriate family member and having a sample from the remains yield results when analyzed by the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory in Maryland.
Even if both tasks are successful, each may take a long time. Relatives may be hard to locate and, sometimes, for reasons known only in their own grief, are reluctant to donate a DNA sample. Some remains may have to be sampled multiple times before they yield DNA — if ever. Even then, JPAC is just one of many customers of the identification lab. Its casework competes with recent casualty casework from current conflicts as well as military criminal investigations.
An identification is made if lines of evidence (e.g., dental matches, biological profile, material evidence, historical data, DNA results, etc.) all point to the same individual. If the evidence is inconclusive, the case remains open until new evidence surfaces or advances in science allow identification.
Our lab has a robust research arm that continually advances the science of human identification. As an internationally accredited forensic laboratory, we budget time to ensure that each identification is scientifically sound and legally defensible.
All cases are subject to the strictest quality assurance measures, including many layers of internal review and sending each case to a consulting scientist outside the government for an external review of the findings.
Finally, the appropriate military service is informed of the identification. The services are responsible for notifying families and assisting with burial arrangements. Since the services also perform this role for casualties from current conflicts, this final step also may be delayed.
Altogether, identifications sometimes may take years. The process may be protracted, but it is thorough and certain. I once saw on TV a bereaved parent whose son died in an air crash lamenting three days after the crash, “what could be worse than not having our son’s remains?”
I silently replied, “receiving the wrong ones.” That JPAC identifications may take so long is a testament to our tenacity and dedication to our mission. We owe our missing and their families no less.
Vince Sava is a colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve, a decorated combat veteran (Desert Storm and Operation Iraqi Freedom) and a forensic anthropologist with the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command. He is a graduate of Montville High School class of 1976.
First Person by Vince Sava: We take time-consuming care to identify Vietnam War remains
By VINCE SAVA
For The Norwich Bulletin
Posted Jul 27, 2008 @ 02:22 AM
I welcome the chance to explain the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command’s identification process. I will try to answer a frequently asked question regarding missing Americans: Why does resolution take so long?
While it is too early to discuss results from the recent processing of the Vietnam site associated with Capt. Arnold “Dusty” Holm and two other Americans, I want to explain some of the problems that may prolong the identification once the recovery process is completed (recoveries also are prolonged by their own unique problems).
After recovery site processing, all recovered remains and material evidence are returned to the JPAC’s Central Identification Laboratory in Hawaii. Examples of material evidence are artifacts such as ID cards and dog tags, as well as the personal items often carried by soldiers in combat — photos, eyeglasses and religious items — to name a few. Forensic identification at JPAC is very precise, combining meticulous historical research and complex science. As such, it requires extensive interagency coordination. Some of these agencies are involved in current conflicts, therefore JPAC may have to compete for resources.
Initially, a lab forensic scientist examines the remains and attempts to produce a biological profile, which establishes the individual’s sex, race, age at death and height. Any trauma occurring at the time of death is noted, since it may support witness accounts of the person’s loss. Additionally, pathological conditions, such as healed fractures, are noted and an attempt made to match these to the individual’s medical records, if they exist. Full analysis is often prohibited by the condition of the remains. Depending on the circumstance of loss and subsequent events, remains may be very fragmentary or incomplete. Vietnam War remains often are further degraded by harsh soil and environmental conditions.
If teeth are recovered and dental records are available, forensic dentists will attempt a simple comparison. This usually is the fastest method of identification. If teeth are not recovered and the condition of the remains permits, DNA may be used. DNA links the remains to the surviving family members. DNA identification is dependent on two tasks, getting a DNA sample from an appropriate family member and having a sample from the remains yield results when analyzed by the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory in Maryland.
Even if both tasks are successful, each may take a long time. Relatives may be hard to locate and, sometimes, for reasons known only in their own grief, are reluctant to donate a DNA sample. Some remains may have to be sampled multiple times before they yield DNA — if ever. Even then, JPAC is just one of many customers of the identification lab. Its casework competes with recent casualty casework from current conflicts as well as military criminal investigations.
An identification is made if lines of evidence (e.g., dental matches, biological profile, material evidence, historical data, DNA results, etc.) all point to the same individual. If the evidence is inconclusive, the case remains open until new evidence surfaces or advances in science allow identification.
Our lab has a robust research arm that continually advances the science of human identification. As an internationally accredited forensic laboratory, we budget time to ensure that each identification is scientifically sound and legally defensible.
All cases are subject to the strictest quality assurance measures, including many layers of internal review and sending each case to a consulting scientist outside the government for an external review of the findings.
Finally, the appropriate military service is informed of the identification. The services are responsible for notifying families and assisting with burial arrangements. Since the services also perform this role for casualties from current conflicts, this final step also may be delayed.
Altogether, identifications sometimes may take years. The process may be protracted, but it is thorough and certain. I once saw on TV a bereaved parent whose son died in an air crash lamenting three days after the crash, “what could be worse than not having our son’s remains?”
I silently replied, “receiving the wrong ones.” That JPAC identifications may take so long is a testament to our tenacity and dedication to our mission. We owe our missing and their families no less.
Vince Sava is a colonel in the U.S. Army Reserve, a decorated combat veteran (Desert Storm and Operation Iraqi Freedom) and a forensic anthropologist with the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command. He is a graduate of Montville High School class of 1976.
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